Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Overview
A traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury that disrupts the normal function of the brain. TBIs range in severity from “mild” (a brief change in mental status or consciousness) to “severe” (an extended period of unconsciousness or amnesia after the injury).
Signs & Symptoms
TBI symptoms can vary greatly depending on the severity of the injury, the location of the damage in the brain, and the individual.
- Headache
- Dizziness or balance problems
- Nausea or vomiting
- Fatigue or drowsiness
- Difficulty concentrating or remembering
- Sensitivity to light or noise
- Irritability or mood changes
- Sleep disturbances
- Loss of consciousness
- Persistent headache
- Repeated vomiting or nausea
- Seizures
- Dilation of one or both pupils of the eyes
- Clear fluids draining from the nose or ears
- Slurred speech
- Weakness or numbness in the extremities
- Loss of coordination
- Confusion, agitation, or restlessness
- Coma
Causes of TBI
Falls are the most common cause of TBI, especially in young children and older adults.
Car accidents, motorcycle crashes, and pedestrian accidents.
Gunshot wounds, domestic violence, and child abuse.
Impacts to the head in sports like football, hockey, and soccer.
Common in military personnel.
Treatment
Treatment for TBI depends on the severity of the injury.
Often involves rest and over-the-counter pain relievers. Gradual return to normal activities is important.
May require hospitalization for:
- Emergency care to stabilize the individual and prevent further injury.
- Medications to reduce swelling in the brain and prevent seizures.
- Surgery to remove blood clots or repair skull fractures.
- Rehabilitation to help regain lost skills and function (physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, cognitive rehabilitation).
Long-Term Effects
Ongoing headaches, dizziness, seizures, sensory problems, and motor difficulties.
Problems with memory, attention, concentration, and executive function.
Depression, anxiety, irritability, personality changes, and difficulty with social interactions.
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A traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury that disrupts the normal function of the brain. TBIs range in severity from “mild” (a brief change in mental status or consciousness) to “severe” (an extended period of unconsciousness or amnesia after the injury).